Peru information

Peru's high season in the highlands is from May to September, when the weather is most stable for hiking and climbing. At this time the days are generally clear and sunny, though nights can be very cold at high altitude. During the wettest months in the highlands, November to April, some roads become impassable and hiking trails can be very muddy. April and May, at the end of the highland rainy season, is a beautiful time to see the Peruvian Andes, but the rain may linger, so be prepared. For a more detailed description of conditions in the Cordillera Blanca.
On the coast, high season is September, and Christmas to February. The summer months are from December to April, but from approximately May to October much of this area is covered with la gar˙a, a blanket of cloud and mist. At this time only the northern beaches near Tumbes are warm and pleasant enough for swimming.
The best time to visit the jungle is during the dry season, from April to October. During<R>the wet season (November to April), it is oppressively hot (40∞C and above) and while it only rains for a few hours at a time, which is not enough to spoil your trip, it is enough to make some roads virtually impassable making travel more difficult.
The high season for foreign tourism is from June to September while national tourism peaks on certain holidays, Navidad, Semana Santa and Fiestas Patrias. Prices rise and accommodation and bus tickets are harder to come by. If you know when you will be travelling buy your tickets in advance.

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Peru (Perú, Piruw, Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (re'pu.βli.ka del pe'ɾu), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the country in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 50%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua and other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. (...) more....

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Although Peru's geography is dominated by the Andes, one of the worldís major mountain ranges, great steps have been taken to improve major roads and enlarge the paved network linking the Pacific coast with the Highlands. This also means that there are various options, albeit on rougher roads, for the traveller wishing to go to northern Peru from the centre of the country (or vice versa), avoiding Lima. But it is worth taking some time to plan an overland journey in advance, checking which roads are finished, which have roadworks and which will be affected by the weather. The highland and jungle wet season, from mid-October to late March, can seriously hamper travel, so allow extra time if planning to go overland at this time. Peru also, unfortunately, suffers more than its fair share of natural disasters, such as the El Nino weather phenomenon. When the wind blows, this can AIR
If you only have a couple of weeks, travelling by air is the sensible option. It allows access to most major regions and means you can spend more time at your destination and less getting there. On the downside, though, you will see less of the country and will meet fewer people than if you travel overland. A further complication is that national companies offering internal flights rarely seem to operate for more than a couple of years. Services therefore change frequently so you should check on the internet, or immediately on arrival in Peru, what flights are available. Always give yourself at least an extra day between national and international flights to allow for schedule changes or cancellations.
Two national carriers serve a number of cities: Star Peru flies from Lima to Cajamarca, Cuzco, Iquitos, Puerto Maldonado, Pucallpa and Tarapoto. LC Busre, with smaller planes, flies to Andahuaylas, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Huancayo, Huanuco and Huaraz. Lan, part of the group formerly called Lan Chile, flies between Lima and Arequipa, Cajamarca, Chiclayo, Cuzco, Iquitos, Juliaca, Pucallpa, Puerto Maldonado, Tacna, Tarapoto, Trujillo and Tumbes. Grupo Taca (the Central American airline) offers services on the LimañCuzco route. These airlines generally cost the same, with tickets starting at about US$100 one-way anywhere in the country from Lima. Prices often increase at holiday times (Semana Santa, May Day, Inti Raymi, 28-29 July, Christmas and New Year), and for elections. During these times and the northern hemisphere summer, seats can be hard to come by, especially on the Lima-Cuzco-Lima route, so book early. There are no deals for round-trip tickets and prices can rise within four days of the flight.
It is common for flight times to change, earlier or later, or be cancelled because of weather delays especially in the wet season. Do not be surprised or perturbed by this, often there is nothing the airline can do. Flights are often overbooked so it is very important to reconfirm your tickets, as mentioned above, and be at the airport well in advance. By law, the clerk can start to sell reserved seats to stand-by travellers 30 minutes before the flight.
Internal flight prices are given in US dollars but can be paid in soles and the price should include the 19% general sales tax. Tickets are not interchangeable between companies but sometimes exceptions will be made in the case of cancellations. Do check with companies for special offers. If the price sounds too good to be true double check your ticket to make sure you are not being sold a ticket for Peruvian nationals; these tickets are often half price but you need to show Peruvian ID to get on the plane.
To save time and hassle, travel with carry-on luggage only (48 cm x 24 cm x 37 cm). This will guarantee that your luggage arrives at the airport when you do.
RAIL
Peru's national rail service was privatized in 1999. The lines of major interest to the traveller are CuzcoñMachu Picchu and Puno-Juliaca-Cuzco. PeruRail is the operator of the Peruvian south and southeastern railway system ñ Cuzco-Machu Picchu and Cuzco-Puno and Lake Titicaca and provides luxury services and a backpacker train. For information, T51-84581414, www.perurail.com. The other railway that carries passengers is the line from LimañHuancayo, with a continuation to Huancavelica in the Central Highlands. The service from the capital to Huancayo runs on several weekends through the year; check www.ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe or www.ferroviasperu.com.pe for the latest schedule. Huancayo-Huancavelica has daily passenger services. Train schedules may be cut in the rainy season.
RIVER
On almost any trip to the Amazon Basin, a boat journey will be required at some point, either to get you to a jungle lodge, or to go between river ports. Motorized canoes with canopies usually take passengers to jungle lodges. They normally provide life jackets and have seats that arenít very comfortable on long journeys, so a cushion may come in handy. Being open to the elements, the breeze can be a welcome relief from the heat and humidity in the daytime, but they can also be cold in the early morning and if there is any rain about it will blow into your face. Take a waterproof to keep you dry and warm. You sit very close to the water and you soon learn to respect the driver's knowledge of the river.
Public river transport - there are various types of vessel, a lancha is a large riverboat; a rapido or deslizador is a speedboat (some are faster than others); a yate is a small to medium wooden colectivo, usually slow, and a chalupa is a small motor launch used to ferry passengers from the lanchas to shore. Standards are variable and generally not as high as in Brazil, but improving. There are some good boats; the best lanchas are on the Iquitos-Pucallpa and Iquitos-Yurimaguas routes. Not all rapidos are safe or reliable. Always look at several vessels and talk to the staff before choosing.
Accommodation is either in a cabin for two or four passengers (on the best boats some cabins have private bath), which will be more expensive than slinging your hammock in the general hammock area. Some boats have two classes of hammock space. If you choose to sleep in a hammock, hang it away from lightbulbs (they aren't switched off at night and attract all sorts of strange insects) and away from the engines, which usually emit noxious fumes and, of course, noise. Another useful tip is not to sling your hammock near the bottom of the stairwell on double-decked river boats, as this is where the cook slaughters the livestock every morning. Do try to find somewhere sheltered from the cold, damp night breeze. Take rope for hanging your hammock, plus string and sarongs for privacy. Use a double hammock of material (not string) for warmth; you may need a blanket as well. It may be possible to sleep on board ahead of departure and on arrival if in the middle of the night. Food is also of variable quality, often monotonous, and sometimes meagre; you need to take your own plate, cutlery and cup, plenty of drinking water (the silt in the rivers will clog filters; purifying tablets may not kill giardia), extra snacks and seasonings. Local produce can sometimes be purchased on route. There is usually (not always) a bar on board (often expensive) serving beer, soft drinks and a few snacks. Departures are after sunset and the first night's meal is not included.
Departure times are marked on a chalk-board on each vessel. All say ìsin faltaî but that does not necessarily mean the boat leaves at that time, nor even on that day. Flexibility is indispensable, always allow extra time. How long the trip takes depends on whether going upstream or downstream, the water level, the size and state of the engine, the amount of cargo (boats go very loaded from Pucallpa to Iquitos), how long they wait at intermediate ports, the weather, etc. The quality of your experience depends on the level of crowding, especially if travelling hammock class. Boats travel near shore upstream and in the middle of the river downstream. To flag down a boat at intermediate points along the river, use a white sheet during the day or strong light at night; sometimes they don't bother stopping even when they see you are calling. Pay the captain or mestre (manager) on the boat, avoid touts. On some boats staff collect the fares in the middle of the first night, once passengers are all in their hammocks. You need to take a bag to put your rubbish in (rather than doing as the other passengers do, ie chucking it all overboard); toilet paper; mosquito repellent and long-sleeved shirts and long trousers for after dusk. DEET is the best mosquito repellent but it will be washed directly into the river and it is lethal to most fish. Being able to speak Spanish is essential. Thieves are a problem; do not leave anything out of sight, not even your shoes under your hammock at night. Also take great care of your belongings when embarking and disembarking. Women travellers can expect the usual unwanted attention, but it becomes more uncomfortable when confined to the small boat.
ROAD
Peru's road network is being upgraded and better roads mean better bus services and improved conditions for drivers. Peru, however, is no different from other Latin American countries in that travelling by road at night or in bad weather should be treated with great care. It is also true that there are many more unpaved than paved roads, so extended overland travel is not really an option if you only have a few weeksí holiday. Detailed accounts of major and minor road conditions are given in the travelling text.
The Pan-American Highway runs north-south through the coastal desert and is mostly in good condition. Also paved and well-maintained is the direct road that branches off the Pan-American at Pativilca and runs up to Huaraz and on to Caraz. The Northern route from Chiclayo through to Tarapoto is fully paved, as is the spur to JaÈn. Cajamarca has a paved connection to the coast to serve the Yanacocha mining operation. The Central Highway from Lima to Huancayo is mostly paved. It continues (mostly paved) to Pucallpa in the Amazon Basin. There is also a paved road from La Oroya to Tarma and Satipo. South of Lima, there's the paved ëLiberatoresí highway from Pisco to Ayacucho. From Nazca to Abancay and on to Cuzco is paved. This is now the main route from Lima to Cuzco. The main roads in and to the Sacred Valley from Cuzco are also paved. The Cuzco-Puno highway is fully paved and is a fast, comfortable journey to rival the train. The paved road continues along the south shore of Lake Titicaca to Desaguadero on the Bolivian border. From there the paving runs down the western slope of the Andes to Moquegua and the coast, one of the nicest highways in the country. Also in the south, the road that runs into the sierra to Arequipa is in good condition. From Arequipa the road to Puno is paved. Roads from Arequipa to Mollendo and Matarani are also excellent.
All other roads in the mountains are dirt, some good, some very bad. Each year they are affected by heavy rain and mud slides, especially those on the eastern slopes of the mountains. Repairs can be delayed because of a shortage of funds. This makes for slow travel and frequent breakdowns. Note that some of these roads can be dangerous or impassable in the rainy season. Check beforehand with locals (not with bus companies, who only want to sell tickets) as accidents are common at these times.
BUS
Services along the coast to the north and south as well as inland to Huancayo, Ayacucho and Huaraz are generally good, but in 2008 the number of accidents and hold-ups on buses increased. On long-distance journeys it is advisable to pay a bit extra and take a reliable company. All major bus companies operate modern buses with two decks on interdepartmental routes. The first deck is called bus-cama, the second semi-cama. Both have seats that recline, bus-cama further than semi-cama. These buses usually run late at night and are more expensive than ordinary buses, which tend to run earlier in the day. Many buses have toilets and show movies. Each company has a different name for its regular and cama or ejecutivo services.
Cruz del Sur, Ormeno and Civa are bus lines covering most of the country. Cruz del Sur, generally regarded as a class above the others, accepts Visa cards and gives 10% discount to ISIC and Under26 cardholders (you may have to insist). There are many smaller but still excellent bus lines that run only to specific areas. With the better companies you will get a receipt for your luggage, it will be locked under the bus and you should't have to worry about it at stops because the storage is not usually opened. On local buses there will be lots of people getting on and off the buses, loading and unloading bags, so it's best to watch your luggage. It will provide you with a good excuse to get off the bus and stretch anyway. Do not put your day bag above your head inside the bus; keep it at your feet or beside you. It is too easy for someone to grab your bag and get off without your realizing. If you decide to get off the bus at a stop, take all your carry-on items with you. If you want to buy a return ticket from Lima, it is quite often cheaper to wait and buy the return portion when you arrive at your destination. This isnít always the case, but on the major lines things seem to cost more from the capital.
For long journeys be sure to take water and possibly a bit of food, although it is always possible to buy food at the stops along the way. See the warning under Safety, about not accepting food or drinks from fellow passengers. For mountain routes, have a blanket or at least a jacket handy as the temperature at night can drop quite low. Once you get off the beaten track, the quality of buses and roads deteriorates and you should stick to day buses. If your bus breaks down and you have to get on another bus, you will probably have to pay for the ticket, but keep your old ticket as some bus companies will give refunds. The back seats tend to be the most bumpy and the exhaust pipe is almost always on the left-hand side of the bus.
It is best to try to arrive at your destination during the day; it is safer and easier to find accommodation. Prices of tickets are raised by 60-100% during Semana Santa (Easter), Fiestas Patrias (Independence Day ñ July 28 and 29), Navidad (Christmas) and special local events. Prices will usually go up a few days before the holiday and possibly remain higher a few days after. Tickets also sell out during these times so if travelling then, buy your ticket as soon as you know what day you want to travel.
CAR
Toll roads in Peru include: Aguas Verdes-Tumbes, many on the Pan-American Highway between Tumbes and Lima, many on the road from Chiclayo to Tarapoto, Pativilca-Huaraz, Lima-Pucusana, Ica-Nazca, Lima (highway around city), and Variante-Pacasmayo; these vary from US$1.35 to US$2.60. Ecuador to Chile/Bolivia on main roads comes to about US$30. Motorcycles are exempt from road tolls; use the extreme right-hand lane at toll gates.
You must have an international driving licence and be over 21 to drive in Peru. If bringing in your own vehicle you must provide proof of ownership. Officially you cannot enter Peru with a vehicle registered in someone elseís name, but it is possible with a notarized letter of authorization and insurance documents stating that Peru is incorporated. On leaving Peru there is no check on the import of a vehicle as there is no evidence in your passport. There are two recognized documents for taking a vehicle into South America: a carnet de passages issued jointly by the FedÈration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA - Paris) and the Alliance Internationale de Tourisme (AIT-Geneva), and the Libreta de Pasos por Aduana issued by the Federacion Interamericana de Touring y Automovil Clubs (FITAC). Officially, Peru requires one or the other, but it is seldom asked for. Nevertheless, motorists seem to fare better with one than without it.
Insurance for the vehicle against accident, damage or theft is best arranged in the country of origin, but it is getting increasingly difficult to find agencies who offer this service. It is very expensive to insure against accident and theft, especially as you should take into account the value of the car increased by duties calculated in real (ie non-devaluing) terms. If the car is stolen or written off you will be required to pay very high import duty on its value. Get the legally required minimum cover, which is not expensive, as soon as you can, because if you should be involved in an accident and are uninsured, your car could be confiscated. If anyone is hurt, do not pick them up (you may become liable). Seek assistance from the nearest police station or hospital if you are able to do so.
The Touring y Automovil Club del Peru, Av Trinidad Morun 698, Lince, and Av Izaguirre 983, p 2, Los Olivos, T01-523 8242, www.touringperu.com.pe, offers help to tourists and particularly to members of the leading motoring associations. 84 octane petrol/gasoline costs US$3.45/gallon; 90 octane, US$3.98; 95 octane, US$4.48; 97 octane, US$4.72. Diesel costs US$3.27. Unleaded fuel is available in large cities and along the Panamericana, but rarely in the highlands.
CAR HIRE
The minimum age for renting a car is 25. If renting a car, your home driving licence will be accepted for up to six months. Car hire companies are given in the text. Prices reflect high costs and accident rates. Hotels and tourist agencies will tell you where to find cheaper rates, but you will need to check that you have such basics as spare wheel, toolkit and functioning lights, etc.
Colectivos and trucks
Combis operate between most small towns in the Andes on one- to three-hour journeys. This makes it possible, in many cases, just to turn up and travel within an hour or two. On rougher roads, combis are minibuses (invariably Japanese), while on better roads there are also slightly more expensive and much faster car colectivos. Colectivos usually charge twice the bus fare and leave only when full. They go almost anywhere in Peru. Most firms have offices. If you book one day in advance, they will pick you up at your hotel or in the main plaza. Trucks are not always much cheaper than buses. They charge about 75% of the bus fare, but are wholly unpredictable. They are not recommended for long trips, and comfort depends on the load.
HITCH HIKING
Hitchhiking in Peru is neither easy, owing to the lack of private vehicles, nor entirely risk-free. For obvious reasons, a lone female should not hitch by herself. Besides, you are more likely to get a lift if you are with a partner, be they male or female. The best combination is a male and female together. Positioning is also key. Freight traffic in Peru has to stop at the police garitas outside each town and these are the best places to try (also toll points, but these are further from towns).
Drivers usually ask for money but donít always expect to get it. In mountain and jungle areas you usually have to pay drivers of lorries, vans and even private cars; ask the driver first how much he is going to charge, and then recheck with the locals.
Motorcycling and cycling
The motorcycle should be off-road capable. A road bike can go most places an off-road bike can go. Get to know the bike before you go, ask the dealers in your country what goes wrong with it and arrange a link whereby you can get parts flown out to you. Get the book for international dealer coverage from your manufacturer, but donít rely on it. They frequently have few or no parts for modern, large machinery. An Abus D or chain will keep the bike secure. A cheap alarm gives you peace of mind if you leave the bike outside a hotel at night. Most hotels will allow you to bring the bike inside (see accommodation listings in the travelling text for details). Look for hotels that have a courtyard or more secure parking and never leave luggage on the bike overnight or while unattended. Passport, international driving licence and bike registration document are necessary. Riders fare much better with a carnet de passages than without it.
Unless you are planning a journey almost exclusively on paved roads - when a high-quality touring bike would suffice - a mountain bike is strongly recommended. The good-quality ones (and the cast-iron rule is never to skimp on quality), are incredibly tough and rugged, with low gear ratios for difficult terrain, wide tyres with plenty of tread for good road-holding, V brakes, sealed hubs and bottom bracket and a low centre of gravity for improved stability. A chrome-alloy frame is a desirable choice over aluminium as it can be welded if necessary. Although touring bikes, and to a lesser extent mountain bikes and spares are available in the larger cities, remember that most locally manufactured goods are shoddy and rarely last. (Shimano parts are generally the easiest to find.) Buy everything you possibly can before you leave home.
Remember that you can always stick your bike on a bus, canoe or plane to get yourself nearer to the heart of where you want your wheels to take you. This is especially useful when there are long stretches of major road ahead, where all that awaits you are hours of turbulence as the constant stream of heavy trucks and long-haul buses zoom by. It is possible to rent a bike for a few days, or join an organized tour for riding in the mountains. You should check, however, that the machine you are hiring is up to the conditions you will be encountering, or that the tour company is not a fly-by-night outfit without back-up, good bikes or maintenance.
South American Explorers have valuable cycling information that is continuously updated. The Expedition Advisory Centre, 1 Kensington Gore, London SW7 2AR, T020-7591 3000, www.rgs.org, administered by the Royal Geographical Society, has published a useful monograph entitled Bicycle Expeditions, by Paul Vickers. Published in March 1990, it can be downloaded from the RGSís website. A useful organization is Cyclo Accueil Cyclo, Marie-Claude Mimeau et Arnaud JanniËre, 6 rue du petit village, 17370 Le Grand Village Plage, France, www.cci.asso.fr, run for and by long-haul tourers who open their homes for free to passing cyclists.
TAXI
Taxi prices are fixed in urban areas and cost around US$0.75-1.20 for anywhere in the urban areas. In Lima prices range from US$2-4, but fares are not fixed. Some drivers work for companies that do have standard fares. Ask locals what the price should be and always set the price beforehand.
Taxis at airports are often a bit more expensive, but ask locals what the price should be as taxi drivers may try to charge you three times the correct price. Many taxi drivers work for commission from hotels and will try to convince you to go to that hotel. Feel free to choose your own hotel and go there. If you walk away from the Arrivals gate a bit, the fares should go down to a price that is reasonable.
Another common form of public transport is the mototaxi, or motocarro. This is a three-wheel motorcycle with an awning covering the double-seat behind the driver. In some places, like Iquitos and Tarapoto, they are ubiquitous and the only way to get around. Fares are about US$1.

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Passport required. Visa not required for tourist stay of up to 90 days, extendible after arrival. Tourists need onward/return ticket. Business visa requires 1 application form, 1 photo, company letter stating purpose of trip, and $27 fee. For further information, contact the Consulate General of Peru, 1625 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Suite 605, Washington, DC 20036 (202/462-1084) or nearest Consulate: CA (213/252-5910 and 415/362-5185), FL (305/374-1305), IL (312/853-6174), NY (212/481-7410), or TX (713/355-9438). Mention tripwolf when you contact American Passport following the link below to ensure eligibility for special rates and services.

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Unfortunately, we don't have much English information about Peru, but we have more information in other languages German, French, Italian, Spanish. Here is the automatic translation by Google:

The nuevo sol (new sol, S/.) is the official currency of Peru. It is divided in 100 cÈntimos (cents) with coins valued at S/.5, S/.2, S/.1 and 50, 20, 10 and 5 cÈntimo pieces although the latter is being phased out as it is virtually worthless. Notes in circulation are S/.200, S/.100, S/.50, S/.20 and S/.10.
Prices of airline tickets, tour agency services, non-backpacker hotels and hostels, among others, are almost always quoted in dollars. You can pay in soles or dollars but it is generally easiest to pay dollars when the price is in dollars and in soles when the price is in soles. This will save you from losing on exchange rates. In major tourist centres such as Lima, Cuzco and Arequipa dollars are frequently accepted.
Almost no one, certainly not banks, will accept dollar bills that are ripped, taped, stapled or torn. Do not accept damaged dollars from anyone; simply tell them you would like another bill. Likewise, ask your bank at home to give you only nice, crisp, clean dollars and keep your dollars neat in your money belt or wallet so they donít accidentally tear.
Forgeries of dollars and soles are not uncommon. Always check the sol notes you have received, even at the bank. Money changers, especially at borders, mix fake notes with genuine bills when giving wads of soles for other currencies. Information on notes and coins in circulation, including forgeries, can be found on www.bcrp. gob.pe, under Billetes y Monedas. Hold the bills up to the light to check the watermark and that the colours change according to the angle of the light. The line down the side of the bill in which the amount of the money is written should appear green, blue and pink at different angles; fake bills are only pink and have no hologram properties. There should be tiny pieces of thread in the paper (not glued on). Check to see that the faces are clear. Also, the paper should not feel smooth like a photocopy but rougher and fibrous. Try not to accept brand-new notes, especially if changing on the street, slightly used notes are less likely to be forgeries. There are posters in public places explaining what to look for in forged sol notes. In parts of the country, forged 1- and 5-sol coins are in circulation. They are slightly off-colour, the surface copper can be scratched off and they tend to bear a recent date.
Credit Cards
Visa (by far the most widely accepted card in Peru), MasterCard, Maestro, American Express and Diners Club are all valid. There is often an 8-12% commission for all credit card charges. Often, it is cheaper to use your credit card to get money (dollars or soles) out of an ATM rather than to pay for your purchases. Of course, this depends on the interest rate for cash advances on your credit cards - ask your bank or card provider about this. Another option is to put extra money on your credit cards and use them as a bank card.

BCP, opens Mon-Fri 0900-1830 and Sat 0900-1300, changes US$ cash and TCs (Amex only) to soles, changes TCs to US$ cash for US$11.50 commission per transaction. Cash advances (until 1800) on Visa in soles only. ATM for Visa/Plus, MasterCard/Cirrus, Amex. BBVA Continental changes US$ cash to soles, US$12 commission per transaction for TCs. ATM for Visa/Plus. Interbank, open Mon-Fri 0900-1815, Sat 0900-1230, changes US$ cash and TCs to soles, (in Lima, Arequipa and Cuzco they also change euros cash, with expansion expected 2008-2009), Tcs to US$ cash for US$5 per transaction up to US$500. ATM for credit cards only: Visa/Plus, MasterCard/Cirrus, Amex, Diners; no debit cards. Scotiabank, open Mon-Fri 0915-1800, Sat 0915-1230, changes US$ cash and TCs (Amex only) to soles, cash advances on Visa and MasterCard, ATM for Cirrus, Visa, MasterCard. There are also Global Net and Red Unicard, ATMs that accept Visa, Plus and MasterCard, Maestro and Cirrus. ATMs usually give US$ if you donít request soles and their use is widespread. The compatibility of ATMs across Peru is increasing all the time. Your card has to be pretty obscure not to be able to obtain cash from an ATM, but availability decreases outside large towns. In smaller towns, take some cash. Businesses displaying credit card symbols, on the other hand, are less likely to take foreign cards. Make sure you carry the phone numbers that you need in order to report your card lost or stolen. In addition, some travellers have reported problems with their credit cards being ëfrození by their bank as soon as a charge from a foreign country occurs. To avoid this problem, notify your bank that you will be making charges in Peru (and other countries).

Exchanging Money
All banks exchange rates are considerably less favourable than casas de cambio (exchange houses). Long queues and paperwork may be involved. US$ and euros are the only currencies that should be brought into Peru from abroad (take some small bills). There are no restrictions on foreign exchange. Few banks change euros. Always count your money in the presence of the cashier. Street changers give the best rates for changing small amounts of US$ or euros cash, avoiding paperwork and queuing, but take care: check your soles before handing over your US$, check their calculators, etc, and donít change money in crowded areas. If using their services think about taking a taxi after changing, to avoid being followed. Street changers congregate near an office where the exchange ëwholesalerí operates; they will probably offer better rates than on the street.
Soles can be exchanged into dollars at the banks and exchange houses at Lima airport, and you can change soles for dollars with street changers and at any border. Dollars can also be bought at the borders. There are no restrictions on foreign exchange.
American Express will sell travellerís cheques to cardholders only, but will not exchange cheques into cash. Amex will hold mail for cardholders at the Lima branch only. They are also very efficient in replacing stolen cheques, though a police report is needed. Travellers have reported great difficulty in cashing travellerís cheques in the jungle area, even Iquitos, and other remote areas. Always sign travellerís cheques in blue or black ink or ballpen.
Cost of Living
Living costs in the provinces are 20-50% below those in Lima, although Cuzco is a little more expensive than other, less touristy provincial cities. For a lot of low-income Peruvians, many items are simply beyond their reach.
The approximate budget is US$30-40 per person per day for living comfortably, with transport, or US$15-20 a day for low-budget travel. Your budget will be higher the longer you stay in Lima and will depend on on how many flights you take. Accommodation rates range from US$5 per person for the most basic alojamiento to US$15-30 for mid-range places, to over US$90 for top-of-the-range hotels (more in Lima and Cuzco).

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As with most underdeveloped countries, facilities for the disabled traveller are sadly lacking. Wheelchair ramps are a rare luxury and getting a wheelchair into a bathroom or toilet is well nigh impossible, except for some of the more upmarket hotels. The entrance to many cheap hotels is up a narrow flight of stairs. Pavements are often in a poor state of repair (even fully able people need to look out for uncovered manholes and other unexpected traps). Visually and hearing- impaired travellers are similarly poorly catered for as a rule, but experienced guides can often provide tours with individual attention. Disabled Peruvians obviously have to cope with these problems and mainly rely on the help of others to get on and off public transport and generally move around.
The Ministerio de la Mujer y Desarrollo Social (Ministry for Women and Social Development) incorporates a Consejo Nacional de IntegraciÛn de la Persona con Discapacidad, CONADIS (National Council for the Integration of Disabled People, www.conadisperu.gob.pe ñ in Spanish). CONADIS, together with PromPer˙ private business, SATH (see next paragraph) and KÈroul of QuÈbec, has been involved in a project called Peru: Towards an Accessible Tourism and the First Report on Accessibility in Peru for Tourists with Disabilities was published in 2001. The report identifies many challenges in a number of major tourist sites. For instance, archaeological sites such as Machu Picchu and Chan Ch·n, being World Heritage Sites, may not be altered for accessibility although the latter, apart from soft sand in places, is almost entirely accessible. Specially trained personnel, however, can provide assistance to those with disabilities in these cases. The project can be accessed through the PromPer˙ website; click on Turismo acesible/Accessible tourism.
Some travel companies are beginning to specialize in exciting holidays, tailor-made for individuals depending on their level of disability. The Global Access Disabled Travel Network Site, www.globalaccess news.com, is dedicated to providing information for ëdisabled adventurersí and includes a number of reviews and tips from members of the public. Another informative site, www.sath.org, belongs to the Society for Accessible Travel and Hospitality, and has lots of advice on how to travel with specific disabilities, plus listings and links. One company in Cuzco that offers tours for disabled people is Apumayo.

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The best known modern Peruvian novelist is Mario Vargas Llosa, whose books encompass a variety of themes from the historical, to contemporary politics, to the humerous. Conversation in the Cathedral (1969), The War of the End of the World (1981), The Feast of the Goat (2000) and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (1977), are among his many titles.
Born in Peru, but brought up in the USA, Daniel Alarcón is a Peruvian novelist who writes in English: War by Candlelight (2005) is his first collection of stories and Lost City Radio (2007) his first novel. Fiction by non-Peruvians includes Peter Matthiessen’s At Play in the Fields of the Lord (1965), Thornton Wilder’s The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1927), Nicholas Shakespeare’s two Peru-set books The Dancer Upstairs (1995) and The Vision of Elena Silves (1989). Ann Patchett’s Bel Canto (2001) is not specifically placed in Peru, but the story echoes the 1996-1997 kidnapping in the Japanese embassy.
Films to watch Werner Herzog’s Fitzcarraldo (1982) tells the epic story of one man’s obsession with building an opera house in the Peruvian jungle. In 2002 John Malkovich filmed The Dancer Upstairs (see above) in which Javier Bardem plays the detective seeking the guerrilla leader Ezequiel. In the film, the country is not named as Peru.
Touching the Void (2003, director Kevin MacDonald) is a documentary of the book of the same name by Joe Simpson, and tells the harrowing story of his incredible survival after a near fatal fall from Siula Grande mountain. A large part of Walter Salles’ film of The Motorcycle Diaries (2004), Che Guevara’s autobiographical account of his formative trip from Argentina towards Marxism, is set in Peru. After the Truth Commission published its report on the atrocities of the war between Sendero Luminoso and the Peruvian state, State of Fear was released (2005). The message of this documentary by Pamela Yates, Paco de Onís and Peter Kinoy goes beyond Peru and the conflict that tore it apart at the end of the 20th century. Soy Andina (2007) is a documentary by Mitch Teplitsky about two women, Nélida Silva and Cynthia Paniagua, who both live in the USA but who explore their Peruvian heritage through dance. It is not on general release, see www.soy andina.com for screenings.

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At any given time of the year there'll be a festival somewhere in Peru, drawing people from miles around.
Jan - Marinera festival, Trujillo. An opportunity to see Marinera dancers.
1st week of Feb- Fiesta of the Virgen de la Candelaria, along the shores of Lake Titicaca near the Bolivian border and features dance groups from around the region.
Feb/Mar/Apr- Carnaval is held over the weekend before Ash Wednesday, and Semana Santa (Holy Week), which ends on Easter Sunday. Carnaval is celebrated in most of the Andes and Semana Santa throughout Peru. Accommodation and transport is heavily booked and prices rise considerably. Book tickets and make hotel bookings early.
1 May- Fiesta de la Cruz is held over much of the central and southern highlands and on the coast.
Jun- Andinismo, Huaraz, a week-long festival held at the beginning of the month.
In Cuzco, the entire month is one huge fiesta, culminating in Inti Raymi, on 24 June. One of Peruís prime tourist attractions. This date is also celebrated for San Juan in the jungle lowlands.
29 Jun- Many places on the coast celebrate San Pedro y San Pablo.
30 Aug- Santa Rosa de Lima, in Lima.
Oct- Senor de los Milagros, Lima, held on several dates throughout the month.
1 Nov- Todos los Santos (All Saints)
8 Dec - Festividad de la Inmaculada Concepcion
Sept- Spring festival, in Trujillo. An opportunity to see Marinera dancers.
Public holidays
Most businesses such as banks, airline offices and tourist agencies close for the official holidays, while supermarkets and street markets may be open. Sometimes holidays that fall during mid-week will be moved to the following Mon to make a long weekend. If you are going to spend a holiday in a certain area, find out what the local customs and events are. Often there are parades, processions, special cuisine or traditions that characterize the event.
The main public holidays are:
1 Jan - New Year.
Jan - Bajada de Reyes.
1 May - Labour Day
28-29 Jul - Independence (Fiestas Patrias).
7 Oct - Battle of Angamos.
24-25 Dec - Navidad

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The following notes on personal safety should not hide the fact that most Peruvians are hospitable and helpful. Peru is not a highly dangerous country to travel in, but it is by no means crime free. By being aware of the possible problems you may confront and by using a mixture of common sense and vigilance you can minimize the risks.
You need to take care everywhere but particularly in poor areas of cities, as this is where most theft takes place. While you should take local advice about being out at night, do not assume that daytime is safer than nighttime. If walking after dark, walk in the road, not on the pavement. You should also be on your guard during festivals, at markets and when streets are crowded. Care should be taken at all times and in most parts of Lima. Over the past couple of years there has been an alarming increase in aggressive assaults in centres along the Gringo Trail. Places like Arequipa, Puno and Cuzco have, at times, been plagued by waves of strangle muggings.
Check with South American Explorers for a current summary of the situation and how to keep safe. A friendly attitude on your part, smiling even when youíve thwarted a thiefís attempt, can help you out of trouble. Be especially careful when using ATMs and when arriving at or leaving from bus and train stations, when you have a lot of important belongings with you. Do not set your bag down without putting your foot on it, even just to double check your tickets. Be wary of accepting food, drink, sweets or cigarettes from unknown people on buses or trains; they may be drugged.
Keep all documents secure and hide your main cash supply in different places or under your clothes. Keep cameras in bags, take spare spectacles and donít wear wrist-watches (even cheap ones have been ripped off arms!) or jewellery. If you wear a shoulder-bag, carry it in front of you. Small personal alarms are a good idea. Backpacks are vulnerable to slashers: a good idea is to cover the pack with a sack (a plastic one will also keep out rain and dust) with maybe a layer of wire netting between. Make photocopies of important documents and give them to family or friends. Alternatively send yourself an email containing all important details, addresses, etc which you can access in an emergency. It is best to leave any valuables you donít need in your hotelís safe-deposit box. But keep a record of what you have deposited. If you donít trust the hotel, lock everything in your pack and secure that in your room (some people take eyelet-screws for padlocking cupboards or drawers). If you lose your valuables, always report it to the police and note details of the report for insurance purposes.
If someone spits, smears mustard, or sprays paint or shampoo on to your clothes, walk on to a safe, private place to clean yourself up. Similarly, ignore strangersí remarks like ëwhatís that on your shoulder?í or ëhave you seen that dirt on your shoe?í. Furthermore, donít bend over to pick up money or other items in the street. These are all ploys intended to distract your attention and make it easy for an accomplice to rob you. If someone follows you when youíre in the street, let him catch up with you and ëgive him the eyeí. Ruses involving ëplainclothes policemení are infrequent, but it is worth knowing that the real police only have the right to see your passport (not your money, tickets or hotel room).
Until 2008, the activities of Sendero Luminoso and MRTA (Movimiento Revolucionario T˙pac Amaru) had seemed to be a thing of the past, but neither organization was completely non-functional. Reports in 2008 indicated that Sendero Luminoso was mobilizing again in areas where its remnants had gone to ground, the drug-growing zones of the Huallaga Valley and the jungle areas east of Ayacucho. In 2008 it was safe to travel in all parts of Peru except those just mentioned, but it is important to inform yourself of the latest situation before going. While in Lima or Cuzco, you can check in at South American Explorers, for latest travel updates (Lima T01-445 3306, Cuzco T084-245484). Also check with the Tourist policy and your embassy or consulate.
The tourist police in Lima are excellent and you should report any incidents to them. Double check that all reports written by the police actually state your complaint. There have been some mix-ups, and insurance companies seldom honour claims for ëlostí baggage. In the event of a vehicle accident in which anyone is injured, all drivers involved are automatically detained until blame has been established, and this does not usually take less than 2 weeks.
Never offer a bribe unless you are fully conversant with local customs. Wait until the official makes the suggestion, or offer money in a form that is apparently not bribery, eg ëIn our country we have a system of on-the-spot fines (multas de inmediato). Is there a similar system here?í Do not assume that an official who accepts a bribe is prepared to do anything else that is illegal. You bribe him to persuade him to do his job, or to persuade him not to do it, or to do it more quickly, or more slowly. You do not bribe him to do something which is against the law. If an official suggests that a bribe must be paid before you can proceed on your way, be patient and he may relent.

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Unfortunately, we don't have much English information about Peru, but we have more information in other languages German, French, Italian, Spanish. Here is the automatic translation by Google:

Local populations in South America are exposed to a range of health risks not encountered in the western world. Many of the diseases are major problems for the local poor and destitute. The risk to travellers is more remote but cannot be ignored. Obviously five-star travel is going to carry less risk than backpacking on a minimal budget. The health care in the region is varied. There are many excellent private and government clinics/hospitals. As with all medical care, first impressions count. If a facility is grubby and staff wear grey coats instead of white ones then be wary of the general standard of medicine and hygiene. A good tip is to contact the embassy or consulate on arrival and ask where the recommended clinics (those used by diplomats) are.
Diseases you may be exposed to are caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites. Tropical South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela) poses a greater disease risk than Temperate South America (Argentina, Chile, Falkland<R>Islands/Islas Malvinas and Uruguay). Other health problems, such as altitude sickness, may affect you along the entire length of the Andes.
The greatest disease risk in tropical South America is caused by the greater volume of insect disease carriers in the shape of mosquitoes and sandflies. The parasitic diseases are many but the 2 key ones are malaria and South American trypano- somiasis (known as Chagas Disease). The key viral disease is Dengue fever, which is trans- mitted by a mosquito that bites in the day.
Before you go, you should ideally see your GP/practice nurse or travel clinic at least 6 weeks before your departure for general advice on travel risks, malaria and recommended vaccinations. Your local pharmacist can also be a good source of readily accessible advice. Make sure you have travel insurance, get a dental check (especially if you are going to be away for more than a month), know your own blood group and, if you suffer a long-term condition such as diabetes or epilepsy, make sure someone knows or that you have a Medic Alert bracelet/necklace with this information on it.
Vaccinations
The following are commonly recommended for South America. The final decision, however, should be based on a consultation with your GP or travel clinic. Polio: recommended if nil in last 10 years. Tetanus: recommended if nil in last 10 years (but after 5 doses you have had enough for life). Typhoid: recommended if nil in last 3 years. Yellow fever: obligatory for most areas except Chile, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay. However, if you are travelling around South America it is best to get this vaccine since you will need it for the northern areas. Rabies: recommended if going to jungle and/or remote areas. Hepatitis A: recommended ñ the disease can be caught easily from food and water.
Health risks
Altitude sickness
Acute mountain sickness can strike from about 3000 m upwards and in general is more likely to affect those who ascend rapidly (for example by plane) and those who over-exert themselves. Acute mountain sickness takes a few hrs or days to come on and presents with headache, lassitude, dizziness, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. Insomnia is common and often associated with a suffocating feeling when lying down in bed. You may notice that your breathing tends to wax and wane at night and your face is puffy in the mornings; all part of the syndrome. If the symptoms are mild, the treatment is rest and painkillers (preferably not aspirin-based) for the headaches. Should symptoms be severe and prolonged it is best to descend to a lower altitude immediately and re-ascend, if necessary, slowly and in stages. The symptoms disappear very quickly, even after a few hundred metres of descent.
The best way of preventing acute mountain sickness is a relatively slow ascent. When trekking to high altitude, some time spent walking at medium altitude, getting fit and acclimatizing is beneficial. When flying to places over 3000 m, a few hrs rest and the avoidance of alcohol, cigarettes and heavy food will help prevent acute mountain sickness.
Bites and stings
This is a very rare event indeed for travellers, but if you are unlucky (or careless) enough to be bitten by a venomous snake, spider, scorpion or sea creature, try to identify the culprit, without putting yourself in further danger (do not try to catch a live snake). Snake bites in particular are very frightening, but in fact rarely poisonous - even venomous snakes can bite without injecting venom. Victims should be taken to a hospital or a doctor without delay. It is not advised for travellers to carry snake bite antivenom as it can do more harm than good in inexperienced hands. Reassure and comfort the victim frequently. Immobilize the limb with a bandage or a splint and get the patient to lie still. Do not slash the bite area or try to suck out the poison. This also does more harm than good. You should apply a tourniquet in these circumstances, but only if you are experienced.
Certain tropical fish inject venom into feet when trodden on, which can be exceptionally painful. Wear plastic shoes if such creatures are reported. The pain can be relieved by immersing the foot in hot water (as hot as you can bear) for as long as the pain persists.
Chagas disease
The disease occurs throughout South America and affects locals more than travellers, but travellers can be exposed by sleeping in mud-constructed huts where the bug that carries the parasite bites and defecates on an exposed part of skin. You may notice nothing at all or a local swelling, with fever, tiredness and enlargement of lymph glands, spleen and liver. The seriousness of the parasite infection is caused by the long-term effects, which include gross enlargement of the heart and/or guts. Early treatment is required with toxic drugs. Prevention: always keep a light burning at night. Never scratch the bite, but swab it with disinfectant. Sleep under a permethrin- treated bed net and use insect repellents.
Dengue fever
This is a viral disease spread by mosquitoes that tend to bite during the day. The symptoms are fever and often intense joint pains, also some people develop a rash. Symptoms last about a week but it can take a few weeks to recover fully. Dengue can be difficult to distinguish from malaria as both diseases tend to occur in the same countries. There are no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs though, fortunately, travellers rarely develop the more severe forms of the disease (these can prove fatal). Rest, plenty of fluids and paracetamol (not aspirin) is the recommended treatment.
Diarrhoea
Diarrohoea and intestinal upset diarrhoea can refer either to loose stools or an increased frequency of bowel movement, both of which can be a nuisance. Symptoms should be relatively short lived but if they persist beyond 2 weeks specialist medical attention should be sought. Also seek medical help if there is blood in the stools and/or fever.
Adults can use an antidiarrhoeal medication such as loperamide to control the symptoms but only for up to 24 hrs. In addition keep well hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids and eat bland foods. Oral rehydration sachets taken after each loose stool are a useful way to keep well hydrated. These should always be used when treating children and the elderly.
Bacterial travellersí diarrhoea is the most common form. Ciproxin (Ciprofloxacin) is a useful antibiotic and can be obtained by private prescription in the UK. You need to take one 500 mg tablet when the diarrhoea starts. If there are so signs of improvement after 24 hrs the diarrhoea is likely to be viral and not bacterial. If it is due to other organisms such as those causing giardia <R>or amoebic dysentery, different antibiotics will be required.
The standard advice to prevent problems is to be careful with water and ice for drinking. Ask yourself where the water came from. If you have any doubts then boil it or filter and treat it. There are many filter/ treatment devices available. Food can also transmit disease. Be wary of salads (what they were washed in, who handled them), re-heated foods or food that has been left out in the sun having been cooked earlier in the day. There is a simple adage that says ëwash it, peel it, boil it or forget ití. Also be wary of unpasteurised dairy products as they too can transmit diseases.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Viral causes of the disease can be acquired anywhere in the world. The most obvious symptom is a yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes. However, prior to this all that you may notice is itching and tiredness. Pre-travel hepatitis A vaccine is the best bet. Hepatitis B (for which there is a vaccine) is spread through blood and unprotected sexual intercourse, both of which can be avoided.
Leishmaniasis
A skin form of this disease occurs in all countries of South America except Chile and Uruguay. The main disease areas are in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. If infected, you may notice a raised lump, which leads to a purplish discoloration on white skin and a possible ulcer. The parasite is transmitted by the bite of a sandfly. Sandflies do not fly very far and the greatest risk is at ground levels, so if you can sleep above ground, under a permethrin treated net, do so. In addition, use insect repellent. Seek advice for any persistent skin lesion or nasal symptom. Several weeksí treatment is required under specialist supervision. The drugs themselves are toxic but if not taken in sufficient amounts recurrence of the disease is more likely.
Leptospirosis
Various forms of leptospirosis occur throughout Latin America, transmitted by a bacterium that is excreted in rodent urine. Fresh water and moist soil harbour the organisms, which enter the body through cuts and scratches. If you suffer from any form of prolonged fever consult a doctor.
Malaria
Malaria can cause death within 24 hrs and can start as something resembling an attack of flu. You may feel tired, lethargic, headachy, feverish; or more seriously, develop fits, followed by coma and then death. Have a low index of suspicion because it is very easy to write off vague symptoms, which may actually be malaria. If you have a temperature, visit a doctor as soon as you can and ask for a malaria test. On your return home, if you suffer any of these symptoms, have a test as soon as possible. Even if a previous test proved negative, this could save your life.
Treatment is with drugs and may be oral or into a vein depending on the seriousness of the infection.
To prevent mosquito bites wear clothes that cover arms and legs, use effective insect repellents in areas with known risks <R>of insect-spread disease and use a <R>mosquito net treated with an insecticide. Repellents containing 30-50% DEET (Di-ethyltoluamide) are recommended when visiting malaria-endemic areas; lemon eucalyptus (Mosiguard) is a reasonable alternative. The key advice is to guard against contracting malaria by taking the correct anti-malarials and finishing the recommended course. If you are a popular target for insect bites or develop lumps quite soon after being bitten use antihistamine tablets and apply a cream such as hydrocortisone.
It is risky to buy medicine, and in particular anti-malarials, in some developing countries. These may be sub-standard or part of a trade in counterfeit drugs.
Rabies
Rabies is endemic throughout Latin America so be aware of the dangers of the bite from any animal. Rabies vaccination before travel can be considered but if bitten always seek urgent medical attention - whether or not you have been previously vaccinated ñ after first cleaning the wound and treating with an iodine-base disinfectant or alcohol.
Sun
Take good heed of advice regarding protecting yourself against the sun. Over- exposure can lead to sunburn and, in the longer term, skin cancers and premature skin aging. The best advice is simply to avoid exposure to the sun by covering exposed skin, wearing a hat and staying out of the sun if possible, especially between late morning and early afternoon. Apply a high-factor sunscreen (greater than SPF15) and also make sure it screens against UVB. A further danger in tropical climates is heat exhaustion or more seriously heatstroke. This can be avoided by good hydration, which means drinking water past the point of simply quenching thirst. Also when first exposed to tropical heat take time to acclimatize by avoiding strenuous activity in the middle of the day. If you cannot avoid heavy exercise it is also a good idea to increase salt intake.
Ticks

Ticks usually attach themselves to the lower parts of the body often when walking in areas where cattle have grazed. They take a while to attach themselves strongly, but swell up as they start to suck blood. The important thing is to remove them gently, so that they do not leave their head parts in your skin because this can cause a nasty allergic reaction some days later. Do not use petrol, Vaseline, lighted cigarettes, etc to remove the tick, but, with a pair of tweezers remove the beast gently by gripping it at the attached (head) end and rock it out in very much the same way that a tooth is extracted. Typhus, carried by ticks, can also occur. There is usually a reaction at the site of the bite and a fever. Certain tropical flies that lay their eggs under the skin of sheep and cattle also occasionally do the same thing to humans with the unpleasant result that a maggot grows under the skin and pops up as a boil or pimple. The best way to remove these is to cover the boil with oil, Vaseline or nail varnish so as to stop the maggot breathing, then to squeeze it out gently the next day.

Water
There are a number of ways of purifying water. Dirty water should first be strained through a filter bag and then boiled or treated. Bring water to a rolling boil for several minutes. There are sterilizing methods that can be used and products generally contain chlorine (eg Puritabs) or iodine (eg Pota Aqua) compounds. There are a number of water sterilizers now on the market available in personal and expedition size. Make sure you take the spare parts or spare chemicals with you and do not believe everything the manufacturers say.
Other diseases and risks
There are a range of other insect-borne diseases that are quite rare in travellers, but worth finding out about if going to particular destinations. Also remember that unprotected sex always carries a risk. You can lessen this by using condoms, a femidom or if you want to be completely safe, by avoiding sex altogether.

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